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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, a few miles northeast of the Atlanta city limits.〔(CDC Home Page ), cdc.gov; retrieved November 19, 2008.〕〔("Groundbreaking held for new CDC virus research labs" ), ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', December 3, 1985, p. A21; retrieved February 5, 2011. "The new facility will sit behind and be connected to CDC's red-brick complex of buildings on Clifton Road in DeKalb County()"〕〔("Druid Hills CDP, GA" ), United States Census Bureau; retrieved May 5, 2009.〕 Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes. ==History== The Communicable Diseases Center was founded July 1, 1946, as the successor to the World War II Malaria Control in War Areas program of the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities. Preceding its founding, organizations with global influence in malaria control were the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation. The Rockefeller Foundation greatly supported malaria control,〔 sought to have the governments take over some of its efforts, and collaborated with the agency. The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name ''Communicable Disease Center'' in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States (see National Malaria Eradication Program). Among its 369 employees, the main jobs at CDC were originally entomology and engineering. In CDC's initial years, more than six and a half million homes were sprayed, mostly with DDT. In 1946, there were only seven medical officers on duty and an early organization chart was drawn, somewhat fancifully, in the shape of a mosquito. Under Joseph Mountin, the CDC continued to advocate for public health issues and pushed to extend its responsibilities to many other communicable diseases.〔 (Dr. Joseph Mountin profile ), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; accessed August 19, 2015.〕 In 1947, the CDC made a token payment of $10 to Emory University for of land on Clifton Road in DeKalb County, still the home of CDC headquarters today. CDC employees collected the money to make the purchase. The benefactor behind the “gift” was Robert W. Woodruff, chairman of the board of The Coca-Cola Company. Woodruff had a long-time interest in malaria control, which had been a problem in areas where he went hunting. The same year, the PHS transferred its San Francisco based plague laboratory into the CDC as the Epidemiology Division, and a new Veterinary Diseases Division was established.〔 An Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) was established in 1951, originally due to biological warfare concerns arising from the Korean War; it evolved into two-year postgraduate training program in epidemiology, and a prototype for Field Epidemiology Training Programs (FETP), now found in numerous countries, reflecting CDC's influence in promoting this model internationally. The mission of CDC expanded beyond its original focus on malaria to include sexually transmitted diseases when the Venereal Disease Division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) was transferred to the CDC in 1957. Shortly thereafter, Tuberculosis Control was transferred (in 1960) to the CDC from PHS, and then in 1963 the Immunization program was established. It became the ''National Communicable Disease Center (NCDC)'' effective July 1, 1967.〔 The organization was renamed the ''Center for Disease Control (CDC)'' on June 24, 1970, and ''Centers for Disease Control'' effective October 14, 1980.〔 An act of the United States Congress appended the words "and Prevention" to the name effective October 27, 1992. However, Congress directed that the initialism ''CDC'' be retained because of its name recognition. Currently the CDC focus has broadened to include chronic diseases, disabilities, injury control, workplace hazards, environmental health threats, and terrorism preparedness. CDC combats emerging diseases and other health risks, including birth defects, West Nile virus, obesity, avian, swine, and pandemic flu, E. coli, and bioterrorism, to name a few. The organization would also prove to be an important factor in preventing the abuse of penicillin. In May 1994 the CDC admitted having sent several biological warfare agents to the Iraqi government from 1984 through 1989, including Botulinum toxin, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and Dengue fever virus.〔"The eleventh plague: the politics of biological and chemical warfare" (pp. 84-86) by (Leonard A. Cole ) (1993)〕 On April 21, 2005, then-CDC Director Julie Gerberding, formally announced the reorganization of CDC to "confront the challenges of 21st-century health threats".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CDC Office of Director, The Futures Initiative )〕 The four Coordinating Centers — established under the G. W. Bush Administration and Gerberding — "diminished the influence of national centers under () umbrella", and were ordered cut under the Obama Administration in 2009. The CDC's Biosafety Level 4 laboratories are among only about a dozen such facilities in the country,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CDC Special Pathogens Branch )〕 as well as one of only two official repositories of smallpox in the world. The second smallpox store resides at the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR in the Russian Federation. The CDC revealed in 2014 that it had discovered several misplaced smallpox samples and that lab workers had potentially been infected with anthrax.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CDC Smallpox and Anthrax Mishaps Signal Other Potential Dangers )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Centers for Disease Control and Prevention」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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